In 1918, 100 years ago, the Congress of the United States passed the Migratory Bird Treaty Act (MBTA) to help protect wild birds in North America from extinction. Bird populations, ravaged by habitat loss, overhunting, and pollution, had dropped sharply in the years leading up to the act. The MBTA helped preserve those populations and allowed them to recover and thrive. In late 2017, however, the administration of President Donald Trump weakened the protections provided by the MBTA, calling them an unnecessary burden to industry.

The widespread and largely unregulated growth of industry led to new pollution problems in the United States in the late 1800's and early 1900's. Wildlife of all sorts were threatened by pollution as well as the reduction of forests, wetlands, and other natural habitats. At that time, nongame birds in particular were threatened by the commercial trade in birds and bird feathers—especially in millinery (ladies’ hats). Species such as the sandhill crane, the snowy egret, and the wood duck were hunted to near extinction. The National Audubon Society and other conservation groups pushed Congress to pass the MBTA, which made it illegal to harm or kill migratory birds, either intentionally by hunting or “unintentionally” as a by-product of industry.

The MBTA saved millions of birds from the feather fashion trend (which did not last) and from many environmentally detrimental industrial practices. Congress levied heavy fines against industries that did not take common sense steps to prevent bird deaths. For example, a company could be fined for having oil, gas, or tar waste pits that birds mistake for typical ponds (resulting in poison deaths), or for having unmarked power transmission lines (resulting in collision or electrocution deaths). And in the case of environmental disasters, MBTA fines helped pay for the recovery of bird habitats. After the 2010 Deepwater Horizon oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico, BP, one of the world’s largest international oil companies, paid a $100 million fine under the MBTA (part of a much larger overall settlement). Most industries have readily complied with the MBTA over its long history.

On the eve of the MBTA’s 100th anniversary, however, the Trump administration changed how the act would be interpreted. The Department of the Interior said it would punish only the intentional killing of migratory birds. This move frees industries from responsibility for the “unintentional” killing of birds through environmentally unsound practices. The feather fashion industry may have gone away, but pollution has not; natural habitats continue to disappear, and environmental disasters continue to happen. Migratory birds have recovered largely because of the industrial application of the MBTA. Without it, birds are once again at the mercy of industry, which is much less likely to invest in precautionary measures to prevent bird deaths.

Can't view the linked articles? Subscribe to World Book Online

World Book Online delivers a progressive sequence of core databases supported by supplemental tools, such as language translation, graphic organizers, and unique Webquests. Moving from Early World of Learning to World Book Advanced, World Book Online aligns end-users with their appropriate learning levels. Each stand-alone site provides additional features to support the needs of users’ specific capabilities.

The World Book Difference

World Book combines cutting-edge technology with traditional editorial excellence to produce authoritative, trustworthy, and unbiased content. The digital content is updated in real time and carefully curated for each learning level. Accessible 24/7, the content is available on a variety of devices. World Book Online combines 21st-century instructional techniques with timely information. By breaking down complex topics and using easily understandable text, World Book Online helps to build fluency and increase comprehension. Featuring single sign-on capability, these sites are paired with highly visual content to engage even the most reluctant reader. Our collection of resources kindles a lifelong learning experience for every user. This adherence to clarity, currency, and accuracy makes World Book’s digital offerings an information hub for the classroom, library, and beyond.

BUY NOW

Institutions Families